British American Tobacco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

English American Tobacco - Essay Example It is archived that the organization was framed in 1902 by joining Imperial Tobacco Company of United Kingdom with American Tobacco Company of USA. The subsequent organization was then alluded to as the British-American Tobacco Company Ltd. The name later changed to British American Tobacco plc which quickly started sincere broadening in nations everywhere throughout the world aside from the United Kingdom and USA, the parent nations. This exposition endeavors to introduce a basic examination of the techniques embraced by BAT since 2003, an investigation of its condition of activity just as an assessment of its capability to stay a significant player in the worldwide tobacco business. There is likewise a concise end given toward the finish of the exposition. Since the year 2003, British American Tobacco Company set up noteworthy vital activities which saw it develop from a provincial organization to a worldwide aggregate. To achieve its present status, BAT utilized a bunch of systems. At the beginning, the tobacco organization chose to develop naturally by expanding its piece of the overall industry in existing markets and furthermore through entering new markets. This technique expected BAT to build its market entrance in the tobacco business while simultaneously watching cost effectiveness. Strangely enough, natural development was apparently fruitful however with colossal cost suggestions. With this impact, BAT figured out how to build natural deals volumes of its four fundamental brands to be specific Dunhill, Kent, Pall Mall and Lucky Strike (as refered to in Lee and Collin, 2006). Moreover, these top brands are accounted for to have seen an expansion of 8% in volumes in 2003 as demonstrated in Lee and Collin (2006) with further des ires for far and away superior execution in 2005. This projection in development by volume was demonstrative of some natural development particularly even with troublesome circumstances in some key markets (Lee and Collin, 2006). Then again, to upgrade its broadening program, British American Tobacco went into association with R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company on 11 June 2006 to fabricate Camel brand of cigarettes in Sweden. This stamped piece of the organization's technique of development through cautious acquisitions just as some natural development and offer trades in the long haul to acknowledge high single figure profit (Glantz, 2000). Consequently monetarily appealing mergers and acquisitions were finished up in close progression to give BAT development openings. A land mark obtaining came in 2003 when BAT procured Ente Tabacchi Italiani, Italy's state tobacco organization, in this manner raising BAT to the number two space in Italy. This obtaining had gone ahead the impact points of a previous one of Rothmans International in 1999 which had some nearness in Burma (Glantz, 2000). At last, in 2008 BAT gained Turkey's state-possessed cigarette creator Tekel (as refered to in Glantz, 2000). In my lauds about natural development for BAT, its veracious hunger for showcase infiltration raised a ton of analysis from human rights bunches especially with the Rothmans International thus compelling BAT to sell a lot of the manufacturing plant in 2003 purportedly after an excellent solicitation from the British government (Mackey, Mackey and Barney, 2007). Publicizing and advancement additionally denoted another technique utilized by BAT since 2003. This methodology was

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Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review Micronucleus (â€Å"MN) is characterized as infinitesimally noticeable, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass close to the core. Micronuclei (â€Å"MNi†) start from distorted mitoses and comprise of whimsical chromosomes, chromatid sections or entire chromosomes that have neglected to be joined into the little girl cores during mitosis. The MN examine has been broadly acknowledged as an in vitro genotoxicity test and a biomarker measure for genotoxic presentation and impact in people. In the prior occasions, the MN examine used to be done on lymphocytes, since 1990s this strategy has developed brilliantly to be done on buccal cells. As assortment of buccal cells require a basic non-intrusive cytological smear, MN measure has assumed a crucial job in resuscitating the use of cytology in the field of diagnostics and research. An endeavor has been made to audit all the investigations conveyed till date, using micronucleus examine of buccal cells as a novel marker of genotoxic ity in head and neck locale. The strict importance of the word Micronucleus (MN) depicts it as a little core in an enormous cell, or the littler cores in cells that have at least two such structures. Schmid (1975) characterized MN as a minutely noticeable, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass close to the core (Fig. 1). MN is the name given to the little extra-core that structures at whatever point a chromosome or a part of a chromosome isn't fused into one of the girl cores during cell division.1 4 The two essential wonders answerable for the development of MNi in mitotic cells are brokenness of the mitotic mechanical assembly and chromosome breakage (Fig. 2). Micronuclei (MNi) are shaped from the entire chromosomes or chromatid parts that linger behind in anaphase and are isolated out from the little girl cores in telophase. Furthermore, some MNi gets started from parts got from broken anaphase spans framed because of chromosome improvements, for example, dicentric chromatids, mixed ring chromosomes or association of sister chromatids.5 †9 throughout telophase these chromosomal districts are remembered for the little girl cells where they can combine with the principle core or can shape at least one littler auxiliary nuclei.8 This littler optional core is known as MN and its number can shift from one to many. Presently the MN framed can either go with the girl core they get from or the other little girl core. In the previous situation, neither of the girl cells is aneuplo id, and in the last case the micronucleated cell has increased a chromosome, while its little girl cell has lost it.5 Micronucleus Assay The Micronucleus measure is characterized as an analytical method completed to investigate micronuclei quantitatively. It is one of the standard cytogenetic devices executed to evaluate micronuclei development (implying chromosomal harm) ensuing to presentation to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents.11 In people, MN test can be effectively utilized in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and shed epithelial cells (for example oral, urothelial, nasal) to get a proportion of genome harm prompted in vivo.12 In the prior occasions, once-separated refined cells (for the most part fringe lymphocytes) were viewed as perfect for communicating MNi and the technique utilized was known as cytokinesis-square micronucleus (CBMN) examine. In the CBMN examine, once-isolated cells are distinguished by their BN appearance in the wake of blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B).13 Over the most recent three decades, since the time the approach of MN measure on shed cells, the buccal cells have totally swapped the use of lymphocytes for the undeniable explanation of non-obtrusive assortment of cells and less difficult strategy for investigating the MNi. The general genotoxicity results by both the techniques for MN investigation are comparable.12 The basal cells in the oral epithelium are the cells which have the ability of mitosis, the new cells shaped gets separated and develop as they relocate to the surface at long last supplanting the cells which are shed. In this way any hereditary harm (communicated as MNi development) impelled in these basal cells is reflected in the shed cells; in this way investigation of MNi in these cells can be corresponded with the measure of hereditary harm. As the oral epithelium goes about as the principal obstruction for the inward breath or ingestion course and roughly 90% of tumors start from epithelial cells, in this manner, these phones speak to a supported objective site for early genotoxic occasions initiated via cancer-causing specialists entering the body by means of inward breath and ingestion.12 The strategy for MN test has been summed up in Table 1-3. Through this survey, we mean to feature the use of MN measure on buccal cells by evaluating huge examinations from the English writing. We likewise expect to underscore the traps related and the measures to conquer the equivalent. Audit of Literature In the early investigations from the 1980s, peeled buccal mucosa cells were utilized to assess the genotoxic impacts of betel nuts and quids and of biting tobacco. Most examinations demonstrated higher MN frequencies at the site inside the oral hole where the quid or tobacco blend was kept contrasted with the inverse, control site. The MN test in buccal cells was additionally used to contemplate malignant and precancerous sores and to screen the impacts of various chemopreventive operators. It is eminent that the main investigations of Stich and Rosin directed somewhere in the range of 1983 and 1984 had higher pattern MN frequencies than ensuing examinations. This may have been because of an absence of characterized scoring models and a moderately modest number of scored cells (at times under 500). From that point forward, distributed biomonitoring considers utilizing the MN test in buccal mucosa cells have examined the impacts of numerous variables including ecological and word rela ted exposures, radiotherapy, chemoprevention, nutrient supplementation preliminaries, way of life propensities, malignant growth, and other diseases.12 Micronuclei as a novel biomarker Word related and ecological exposures In the last 15â€20 years the MN examine has been applied to assess chromosomal harm for natural checking of human populaces presented to an assortment of mutagenic and cancer-causing compound or physical operators. Essentially higher frequencies of MN have likewise been seen in peeled buccal cells from individuals presented to natural solvents, antineoplastic specialists, diesel subordinates, polycyclic sweet-smelling hydrocarbons, lead-containing paints and solvents, and drinking water sullied with arsenic.12, 18-20 MN and radiation Ionizing radiation assumes a significant job in the treatment of numerous neoplasias, yet it likewise creates hereditary harm. As an outcome, optional tumors may create a long time after the essential tumor treatment. A few investigations assessed MNi in buccal cells of patients experiencing radiotherapy in the head and neck locale. The most striking increment in cytogenetic harm (150†300 MN/1000 cells) was seen in an early investigation of three patients presented to an aggregate portion of 3400â€4000 cGy.12 MN frequencies in buccal cells of patients with some particular infections A site-particularity was watched for Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, with a higher MN recurrence in cells from the dorsal tip of tongue, perhaps because of more noteworthy light introduction. Down disorder was related with a 733% expansion in MNi in contrast with more youthful solid controls, and the MN recurrence was 78.5% higher than in more seasoned controls. An expansion in MN recurrence in buccal cells was accounted for Diabetes mellitus with the patients having twofold the degree of hereditary harm in contrast with coordinated controls and for rewarded pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis in examination with controls or kids with Crohn’s disease.12 Findings of the investigation did at Genetics Research Unit, National Council Research Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italy upheld the speculation that CBMN measure may give a valuable device to screening of the weight and metabolic disorder and its movement to diabetes and cardiovascular sickness in grown-ups also in children.21 Results of the investigation did in Mexico showed a solid relationship between HPV type contamination and MN frequency.22 Way of life and Host Factors Way of life factors that are related with hereditary harm incorporate smoking, liquor utilization, and diet, particularly nutrient insufficiencies and supplementation. Most of the examinations announcing a critical increment in MN in buccal mucosa cells identified with a danger of oral disease were acted in subgroups of subjects with explicit way of life propensities, for example chewers of betel quids (areca nut, betel leaves, slaked lime and tobacco) from India, Taiwan and Philippines; switch smokers (who hold the lit finish of the cigarette inside their mouths) from India and Philippines; snuff scoops from Canada; clients of Khaini (tobacco blended in with slaked lime) from India, and other comparative practices.12 The HUMN venture is a compelling vehicle for the turn of events and execution of a global cooperative approval exertion to unite the different buccal MN databases, and to recognize and measure the key factors influencing this biomarker.12 EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY AND MICRONUCLEI RELATED STUDIES Studies according to Oral Cancer Potentially Malignant Lesions: Biomonitoring of the adjustments in patients with analyzed sicknesses or obsessive changes that may prompt the improvement of disease and different ailments is getting progressively well known, and might be the most quickly developing zone of utilization of the MN measure to epithelial cells.12 An investigation completed in France, in the year 1987, discovered a gauge of 1.30 Micronucleated cells/1000 Cells in patients with carcinoma of upper stomach related tract, utilizing Feulgen Stain.12 A reconsidered convention for the peeled cell micronucleus examine was field-tried in a populace presented to a genotoxic operator, snuff, at levels related with a

Risks of Job Crafting and Relevance and Feasibility

Question: Depict about employment making, advantages of occupation making, dangers of occupation making and importance possibility. Answer: Occupation Crafting Occupation Crafting is the way toward overhauling the occupations by the representatives themselves with the end goal that activity fulfillment, commitment, flourishing and strength are cultivated out of the equivalent. Occupation is characterized as the assortment of relational connections and undertakings which are appointed to an individual or gathering of individuals in an association so as to accomplish a particular objective or to achieve a thought process. Employment crafters are the ones who use to change their communications and undertakings effectively regarding what are doled out or in the manner they should do (Wrzesniewski, 2013). Those occupations which have high level of prudence and independence for the most part can bear the cost of more prominent creating opportunity. Occupation creating influences at least one of the four Ts-representatives time, group, assignment and procedure. Occupation Crafting could be actualized in three different ways: By changing the extent of errands by modifying the limits of the particular assignments by constraining or expanding the undertakings, i.e., extending or lessening it. Or on the other hand they could simply change the method of performing errands. By changing the connections during work by the adjustment of degree or nature of collaborations with the others. By changing the best approach to see the undertakings, i.e., by changing the perspective on grasping the estimation of a similar assignment in an alternate point of view. Advantages of Job Crafting On the off chance that the activity is created by the representatives, they feel progressively associated and tenable for their work. Likewise, they are increasingly OK with their own structures. This prompts the expansion in the inspiration and eagerness in the representatives (Tims, 2013). Not just for workers, it could be gainful for the businesses just as they could improve the associations with others and thusly, the occupations could be done in relatively increasingly productive and viable manners by similar representatives. Dangers of Job Crafting Some of the time the activity making could prompt significant level of commitment in work, which at last prompts the breakdown of the representatives. They may wear out because of taking more errands and it could additionally prompt increment in stress (Petrou, 2015). This outcomes into the decline in the presentation over the long haul. The representatives with incredible feeling of calling might be profoundly engaged with the work, which influences their work life balance, which influences the work meanwhile. Importance Feasibility I accept that the idea of occupation creating is a fascinating idea that could assist with improving the profitability level of representatives. The procedure of re-planning the activity components ought to be especially progressively helpful and significant in huge associations when contrasted with little association. Additionally the administrators should grasp the way that it doesn't imply that workers are conflicting with their method of playing out a vocation, rather they are attempting to develop more open doors in a manner they could without cheapening the general framework. The people and organizations are utilizing work making to expand the profitability at work place. With the idea of occupation making, people can keep up the activity with their own desires. It adds to the opportunity and autonomy of the activity. With this idea, the representatives are allowed to consider the activity from their own viewpoint. From an association point of view, it implies expanded profitability of workers. Consequently, work making makes a success win circumstance for the two representatives and bosses. Henceforth, work structuring does influence and challenge the assortment of undertaking, independence, essentialness of errand and at times even the personality of assignment. Be that as it may, work making results into positive results whenever done appropriately as it bolsters the way that a similar work or new work developed is done in an increasingly arranged manner with which the representatives don't observe. It should be created in such a domain where it is worthy by all the degrees of the framework. References Petrou, P., Demerouti, E. also, Schaufeli, W.B., 2015. Employment creating in evolving associations: Antecedents and suggestions for depletion and performance.Journal of word related wellbeing psychology,20(4), p.470. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. also, Derks, D., 2013. The effect of employment making on work requests, work assets, and well-being.Journal of word related wellbeing psychology,18(2), p.230. Wrzesniewski, A., LoBuglio, N., Dutton, J.E. what's more, Berg, J.M., 2013. Occupation making and developing positive significance and personality in work.Advances in constructive authoritative psychology,1(1), pp.281-302.

Is globalization to be blamed for child labour

Is globalization to be accused for youngster work This paper tends to an issue that gives off an impression of being on the expansion around the world; Child Labor. Late ILO gauges express that each seventh kid on the planet is occupied with working exercises. In light of their familys monetary challenges these kids are compelled to surrender their future as far as training, wellbeing and relaxation. This underlines the significance to complete further research and investigation on the marvel of kid work just as think of successful approach developments so as to wipe out youngster work. As indicated by Basu (1999) planning approaches ought to be founded on cautious investigation and research as opposed to fundamental feelings or emotions towards kid work. It is critical to consider the exact meaning of youngster work before continuing. There is monstrous heterogeneity in characterizing kid work as various gatherings see it in an unexpected way. For instance as indicated by Ashagrie (1993) a youngster is ordered as worker if the kid is monetarily dynamic. Of course we have to go to a concurrence on what age bunch being a youngster comprises of. Most investigations anyway follow the ILOs show No.138 and treat an individual under 15 years of age as a youngster and gauge kid work by watching monetary action of kids younger than 15. With the end goal of our examination we will be taking a gander at youngsters between the ages 0-14. The point of this paper is to find the effect globalization has had and is having on kid work. As globalization is an expansive theme, I will concentrate explicitly on exchange progression, which assumes a fundamental job inside the globalization procedure. Changed exchange had been the motor of industrialist development from pioneer times; anyway globalization has prompted an adjustment in this example. Under expansionism, land victory worked as a pre-condition andâ (foreign) capital and (remote) work merged ashore to deliver merchandise for exchange (for example manor creation). However, with globalization, capital is looking for venture outlets all around, where, other than advertising opportunities,â cheap work is a key determinant. This has brought about huge scope outside direct venture (FDI) with global partnerships yielding the fundamental auxiliary change. LEDCs are quick to get FDI and have gone to the degree of making a reasonable situation for such capital neglecting so cial issues. The strategy had been favorable for modest work as youngsters and ladies (for example article of clothing businesses inside the FTZ in Sri Lanka). Financial specialists contend that global exchange is helpful as far as expanding the salary of the nation just as making openings for work in the nation. It is additionally one of the significant wellsprings of income for a creating nation. Yet, there is no denying that there might be failures from worldwide exchange as well; for instance the imports of modest merchandise created by low gifted laborers may lessen the interest for those products as well as diminishes business open doors for low talented specialists. In spite of the fact that exchange can carry a few inconveniences to a countrys economy, it is important that it doesn't impact the more youthful populace who will decide the eventual fate of the economy. This paper researches whether exchange advancement builds the frequency of youngster work. Since our anxiety is working kids, who are transcendent in the creating scene, my attention will be on creating nations explicitly on India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The fundamental purpose behind why it is fascinating to consider these South Asian nations is because of the high extent (40%) of the universes youngster work rising up out of these nations just as the quick fare development checked in these nations. One would expect a positive connection between exchange transparency and kid work as more exchange implies more fares, which thus implies an expansion sought after for work; in this way, youngsters enter the work advertise. Anyway this is an incredibly summed up explanation, the following area presents what the financial hypothesis says about this issue. This examination takes a gander at a board of 50 creating nations over a time of 4 decades to so as to watch the im pact of exchange on youngster work. Another explanation behind the utilization of board information is because of the way that youngster work is anything but an ongoing issue, it has been going on for a very long while at this point, thusly it is intriguing to check whether there has been a pattern after some time. It additionally bodes well to watch the outcomes of globalization after some time as there has been a fast, ceaseless advancement in data and innovation which exceptionally adds to exchange progression (Krugman 1995), particularly during the 1980s when globalization got in its step. So as to test the impact of exchange advancement on youngster work, a numerous relapse examination will be done utilizing monetary movement pace of kids between 10-14 as the pointer for kid work and the countrys imports and fares (%GDP) as the proportion of exchange receptiveness. Also control factors, for example, GDP per capita and extent of kids between 0-14 just as local fakers are added to the relapse. Information are principally gathered from the World Bank and UN normal database. The report continues as follows. Part 2 audits the hypothesis of exchange and how it is probably going to influence kid work. The strategies used to do the experimental examination alongside the depiction of the information utilized is portrayed in section 3. The outcomes and discoveries are introduced in section 4 followed by the ends and conceivable approach proposals in part 5. Hypothesis Guardians settle on the choices with respect to whether to send their kids to class; they settle on these choices by looking at advantages and expenses of instruction also the open door cost of time spent in training instead of working. Ranjan (1999) says that credit showcase flaws are the purpose behind the presence of getting limitations. In this manner when guardians can't get against their childrens future profit, the profound destitution constrains them to send their kids to work. At the point when the nation opens to exchange an untalented work bounteous nation (for example creating nation) this may influence youngster work in two different ways. Right off the bat, the interest impact because of the expansion in pay of the untalented laborers which thus diminishes the profits to talented specialists. Taking a gander at it in this point of view makes it almost certain that guardians would send their kids to work instead of to class. Another point of view is that families with in competent specialists become happier as they get higher wages; subsequently there is to a lesser extent a need to send the kids to work. The general result will rely upon which of these impacts rules (Ranjan 2001). Anyway note that the effect of exchange advancement on kid work will be fluctuated in various nations relying upon the factor enrichments of the nation. Creating nations are generally plentiful in incompetent work along these lines exchange development might not significantly affect youngster work. Krueger(1996) says that exchange between two nations is controlled by relative bit of leeway. A nation has a similar bit of leeway in delivering a decent if the open door cost of creating that great is littler in that nation contrasted with different nations. The nation with a relative bit of leeway likewise utilizes its assets most productively in the creation of that great. So for instance if creating nations have practical experience in products that utilize incompetent work, a greater amount of those merchandise are delivered. The nation gains from exchange because of its specialization in the items that utilizes its assets all the more effectively. This thus carries more pay to the nation which would then be able to be utilized to purchase the merchandise and ventures the nation wants. Residential laborers likewise advantage from this as the familys genuine pay increments from delivering the great the nation has some expertise in. This hypothesis can be connected with the two po tential ramifications exchange has on youngster work as talked about by Ranjan; pay impact lessens kid work as the extra salary assists guardians with decreasing the remaining task at hand of their kids or the higher pay to families may likewise mean guardians would prefer to send their kids to work. Anyway Cigno et al (2002) found a negative connection among exchange and the occurrence of kid work in their crosscountry study. The issues utilizing a crosscountry study is that information assortment techniques in various nations may fluctuate; along these lines results might be less dependable when looking at. Additionally cross sectionalâ studies are completed at one specific point in time or over a brief timeframe, accordingly its solitary a depiction. The outcomes might be extraordinary if the investigation had been completed in an alternate period. Discoveries of Shelbourne (2002) additionally bolsters the outcomes got from the examination did by Cigno et al. Her thinking was th at the economy extends because of worldwide exchange which turn increments per capita GDP diminishing the requirement for youngster workers. This isn't really obvious as an expansion in the volume of creation inside the nation may mean there is more appeal for modest work so as to augment benefits. The Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis clarifies exchange through contrasts in assets. For instance let us currently investigate a basic structure where capital and work are the elements of creation. Under this structure a nation will have near preferred position in creating merchandise which seriously utilizes the factor with which they are copiously invested. As indicated by this hypothesis receptiveness to exchange expands interest for the great delivered by the plenteous factor which in a roundabout way builds the interest for the inexhaustible factor itself. This additionally builds the cost of the bottomless factor. As it were, nations that have a moderately high extent of (work serious), which are mostly the creating nations will in general fare work escalated merchandise and nations which are blessed by the gods

Helpful Information on Term Paper Review Service

Helpful Information on Term Paper Review ServiceThe most important aspect of the job of term paper review service is the fact that they not only provide a service for students, but also assist in grading techniques. Term paper review service is a service in which a document is read by an editor who reviews the document, marks it and then uses a grade to determine whether or not it meets a set of standards. This service provides students with a stress-free and professional experience as they take on an important role in the college level college year.If you are looking for a service provider that provides this service, it is vital that you carefully evaluate all of the options available to you. There are a lot of different services out there, some are more effective than others. Additionally, if you are not careful, you may end up paying for services that are not worth your money. This means that you should use your judgment to determine what service is best for you.Some of the servic es that you can seek out include:-Thesis Service: A service that can assist students in analyzing their thesis. Thesis service will help the student manage their thesis, assign sources and assess the feasibility of the thesis, after doing so the thesis service will evaluate the thesis and give the grade. Thesis service provides students with an opportunity to complete a research paper that will be used to further their studies.-Writing Service: Writing service providers to provide you with a service where you can submit your papers. Your papers will be reviewed by an editor, who will evaluate it and give you a final grade. These service providers offer different kinds of service to students who want to have their papers reviewed, graded and submit them for publication.These types of service providers can help you prepare your papers for submission. Many of these service providers will help you write the proposal, include proofs, conduct interviews and prepare the thesis, after which you will submit the paper for evaluation. These service providers will work hard to make sure that the papers are reviewed and assigned grades before it is submitted for publication.-Document Review Service: these service providers provide service where you can submit a written presentation, an analytical paper or a report to a reviewer. The service provider will look at the paper and evaluate it and then grade it based on various criteria.Some of the papers that can be submitted are dissertations, papers that deal with financial management and many more. Most services provide all of the elements necessary to produce quality output. You can either go directly to the service provider or you can search the internet to find the best service provider.

Happiness is the Purpose to Life - Free Essay Example

Happiness is the meaning and purpose to life, the whole aim, and end to human existence, said Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Happiness seems to always be the goal in our lives but what is the secret or key to it? It seems almost impossible to construct or make a plan to have a confirmed happy life. A Harvard study started in 1938 has made some insight to some secrets that not all of us may have realized. During the Great Depression in 1938, Harvard scientists took 268 physically and mentally healthy Harvard sophomores for a longitudinal study on happiness. This study included no females because, at the time, Harvard was an all-male school. This first study was known as the Grant Study There was a second study named The Glueck Study where the directors took 456 inner-city Boston men and studied them. These subjects happened to be a bit poorer than the Harvard subjects. Starting in 1939, a year after the Grant Study began, having the second control group helped scientists e xamine the differences between the two upcoming. This determines whether or not, money is a factor in happiness. Information on the subjects was gathered by personal interviews. Questions included were on career enjoyment, physical and mental health, retirement, their marriage quality. The goal of the study was to more or less, identify predictors of healthy aging. Scientists studied what psychosocial variables biological processes in childhood could predict the outcomes of older age. If that earlier lifetime could affect intimate relationships and marriage in the future. In this first generation study, scientists found in their subjects that relationships were one of the key factors in their health and well-being. The surprising finding is that our relationships and how happy we are in our relationships have a powerful influence on our health, said Robert Waldinger, director of the study, a psychiatrist at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor of psychiatry at Harva rd Medical School. Taking care of your body is important, but tending to your relationships is a form of self-care too. That, I think, is the revelation. It was studied that relationships took over happiness more than fame or money. This was found in both studies. They also found other small results, such as alcoholism was a disorder. It was the main cause of divorces between The Grant Study men and their wives. It also found that instead of depression or neurosis being the cause of alcohol abuse it tended to precede it instead. Linked to cigarettes, this was the number one contributor to death. Another result found that financial success has nothing to do with intelligence, but depends on the warmth of their relationships. There was no significant difference between the incomes of men with low IQs versus men with high IQs. But those considered with high warm relationships earning about one hundred and forty-four thousand dollars more a year during their peak salaries than tho se not measuring high in warm relationships. One of the most interesting results was that those close with their mothers in childhood had a better work ethic, and earned an average of eighty-seven thousand dollars a year, more than those who were uncaring with their mothers. Those who were cold towards their mothers were more likely to get dementia when they were older as well. Men who were closer to their father as a child were less likely to have adult anxiety. They also enjoyed vacations or relaxing more. And unlike men being close to their mothers, they had increased life satisfaction at age seventy-five. Warmth in relationships had ultimately been the biggest factor in life satisfaction. George Eman Vaillant, another psychiatrist, and professor at Harvard Medical School, and director on the study wrote three books on the studies and concluded that Happiness is love. Full stop. Today, the studies continue on. Nineteen of the original subjects still live on to this day in their mid-nineties. The study has been going on for more than eighty years and is the longest study of adult life. The second generation study is in effect as well. This includes the first two studies offspring, which totals about 1,300 subjects who are now in their 50s and 60s. This study has and continues to prove that happiness is as simple as having long and lasting warm relationships. People who are close with their family have a greater chance of living long and prosperous and being the most satisfied with their lives. So maybe that long phone call with your mom doesnt sound too bad now, huh?

8 Ways to Increase Your Attention Span

Are you having trouble concentrating when you’re reading a book or listening to a lecture? You can take heart in the knowledge that you may be able to increase your attention span. Although there are some medical reasons for being easily distracted, this is not always the case.   Sometimes your attention span length can be improved by non-medical factors. This list of activities might make a big difference in improving your study habits. Make a List What does making a list have to do with concentrating? Easy. We often have trouble paying attention to one thing because our brain wants to drift off to think about something else. When you’re supposed to be writing your history paper, for example, your brain may want to start think about playing a game or worrying about a math test that’s coming up. You should get into the habit of making a daily task list, writing down all of the things you need to do (think about) in a particular day. Then prioritize your list, in the order that you prefer to tackle these tasks. By writing down all the things you need to do (or think about), you gain a sense of control of your day. You don’t worry about whatever else you should be doing when you should be focusing on one particular task. As simple as this exercise may sound, it is actually very effective in helping you to concentrate on one thing at a time. Meditate If you think about it, meditation might seem like the opposite of paying attention. One objective of meditation is to clear the mind, but another element of meditation is inward peace. This means that the act of meditating is actually the act of training the brain to avoid distractions. While there are many definitions of meditation and much disagreement about what the goals of meditation may be, it is clear that meditation is an effective way to increase focus. And remember, you dont have to become an expert or obsessive meditator. Just take some time every day to go through a brief meditation exercise. You may start a new, healthy habit. Sleep More It seems logical that a lack of sleep affects our performance, but there is science that tells us exactly what happens to our brains when we deprive ourselves of sleep. Studies show that people who sleep fewer than eight hours a night for a prolonged period of time have slower response systems and more difficulty recalling information. In fact, even minor restrictions in your sleep patterns can affect your academic performance in a bad way. That is bad news for teens, who like to stay up late to study the night before a test. There is sound science to indicate that you may be doing more harm than good by cramming the night before an exam. And, if you’re a typical teen when it comes to sleep, science also suggests that you should make it a habit to sleep longer hours than you normally do. Eat Healthier Foods Are you guilty of indulging a bit too much in tasty junk foods? Let’s face it: many people enjoy foods high in fats and sugars. But these foods can be bad news when it comes to staying focused on a single subject or task. Foods that are high in fat and sugar might give you a temporary burst of energy, but that energy is soon followed by a crash. Once your body burns up the rush of nutrient-deprived, over-processed foods, you will start to feel groggy and lethargic.​ Reduce Screen Time This may be the most unpopular suggestion of all time among young people, but the science is clear. Screen time - or time spent looking at cell phones, televisions, computer screens, and game consoles, has a clear impact on the attention span.   Scientists are just beginning to study the relationship between attention spans and screen times, but one thing is certain: many researchers and education specialists advise parents to limit screen time while they gain a fuller understanding of the effects of bright lights and electronic screens. Join a Team At least one study has shown that concentration and academic skills improve for students who participate in team sports. It could be that being active is helpful in the same way that meditation works. Participating in a sport trains your brain to concentrate on specific tasks, and shut out thoughts that interfere with your performance. Just Be Active There are also studies that show any amount of physical activity can improve concentration. Simply walking for twenty minutes before reading a book may boost your ability to pay attention longer. This may be a result of relaxing your brain in preparation for the task at hand. Practice Paying Attention For many people, a wandering mind is really an undisciplined mind. With practice, you can teach your mind a little discipline. One thing you should try to determine is what is really distracting you. This exercise can help you determine why your mind wanders as you read, and what you can do to reduce your distractions. First, follow the advice at the top of this page, and make a list of all the things that you have to do. Get the easy things out of the way first.  Next, grab a stopwatch. Most phones are equipped with one.Now select a magazine, difficult book, or a newspaper and pick a passage to read that you normally would not read (unless forced).Start the stopwatch and begin reading. Try to concentrate, but stop yourself as soon as you feel your mind beginning to wander.Write down what it was that distracted you. What did you start to think about? Was it something fun that you could be doing instead, or was it something you are worried about?  Write down the topic or thought that led you astray. Do this five times and analyze the results. Do you see a pattern?   The more you run through the exercise above, the more you train your brain to stay on track. You are actually being very intentional about giving your brain some good old fashioned discipline!

Ph Buffer Using Cabbage Indicator - 981 Words

Lynne Andrew NB 1110 / M 5 – 7:50 Lab 1 February 2, 2015 pH and Buffer – Using Red Cabbage Indicator to Measure pH Introduction This experiment was performed to evaluate the following hypothesis: Red cabbage indicator can be used as a measure of pH. According to Campbell, et al, in Biology: Concepts and Connections, red cabbage contains a water-soluble pigment called anthocyanin that changes color when it is mixed with an acid or a base. The pigment turns red in acidic environments with a pH less than 7 and the pigment turns bluish-green in alkaline (basic) environments with a pH greater than 7 (2012). The pH indicating property of red cabbage indicator is well accepted in the scientific community and is a useful standard for†¦show more content†¦Acids were varying shades of red or pink and the bases were varying shades of green. The only unexpected result was the variability of color change in the pH 12 buffer solution, though this was attributed to the text, Table 2, stating the pigments are not stable at pH 12 (Pearson, 37). A weakness of using red cabbage indicator to check the pH o f an unknown solution or buffer is the subjectivity of determining color. What one individual sees as pink. another person would see as light purple. Color blind individuals would be at a significant disadvantage. Accuracy of pH is another consideration, since in addition to the variability in shades of color the pH shown by the red cabbage indicator is more of a ballpark estimate and limited to whole numbers. Using a pH meter, we can get a significantly more accurate reading that is objective and not dependent on an individuals interpretation of color or visible hue. In addition to the subjectivity of color, one would need to ensure a consistent ration of indicator solution to test solution in order to not affect the shade of the color change. Based on the data received and background information given, it is my opinion that although red cabbage indicator solution can be used to determine pH levels, it is best used as a more general indicator of whether a solution is an acid, base or neutral.Show MoreRelatedPh Lab Report1683 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction When using different methods to measure pH levels there are some tools that can be useful. Some more than others but by putting into action the different methods it may determine which tools will work best and give the best results when testing the pH within a solution. The pH, which stands for the proportion of hydrogen ions in a solution, could be acidic (acidosis), neutral or basic (alkaline). The pH scale goes from numbers 1 through 14. A pH of 7 is neutral; meaning the

Antigone English paper pdf - 1196 Words

Pearce 1 Camille Pearce Ms. Kettle IB English Period D 12 October 2014 Antigone; A Martyr Who Dies for the Wrong Reasons Pearce 2 Antigone as a strong and determined tragic hero who presents herself as a powerful woman who will not be defined by a man. Antigone is steadfast in her decision to disobey the law and bury her brother and dose not hesitate to take fully responsibility for her actions even if it means death. Unfortunately, Antigone does not consider the effect her death will have on her family and friends. She is confident and prideful and will not allow anyone to â€Å"lessen† her death. Finally, Antigone feels she has a duty as a woman to stand up against Creon and to define herself by her actions not by her gender. Antigone†¦show more content†¦Antigone has feministic views and will not let herself be defined by a man. She wants to be defined and remembered by her heroic actions. She is unlike woman in her time because she is confident and sees herself equal to men. Her sister, Ismene, is a stereotypical woman of this time. She believes woman should subject themselves to the will of man and that woman are too weak to stand up to a man. Sadly, woman during this time are looked at and treated like minorities who have a fraction of the power men do. Antigone sacrifices her own life trying to stand up to this society of men in which she is trapped. Creon disapproves of her rare confidence, and sees woman as silly, weak and emotional beings who are inferior to men, but this only fuels Antigone to defy him more. Antigone’s sister, Ismene, refuses help her bury their brother because she is afraid of the consequences. She also does not believe woman can stand up to men or the state. Antigone is not afraid to stand up to the Creon or the state. She believes their brother has the right to an afterlife and Creon does not have the authority to take that away, only the gods do. She says, â€Å"Creon is not strong enough to stand in my way.† (Antigone 191) Her pride and her belief in the rights of woman empower her to stand up for her individual beliefs and oppose the decree of the state. Her love for Polyneices may seem like the reason for her defiance of the state, but in

Communication Is The Greatest Asset Of Civilization

Communication is the greatest asset of civilization. It is through our ability to understand and convey thoughts that we are able to cooperate for the good of our community, whether it be local or global. Because communication holds so much power it must also be used with care. If used unwisely, communication has the ability to destroy relationships and make cooperation impossible. The six barriers of communication will be discussed in the following paragraphs and they are clichà ©, jargon, slang, sexist and racist language, euphemisms, and doublespeak. Clichà © is what happens when a saying that once held great power has fallen into disuse. Due to repetition all great sayings tend to lose their luster, just as a joke is hardly ever as funny as the first time it was heard. One example of this is â€Å"you ll catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.† Though there may be a valuable point here it is often lost because no one wants to catch flies and most people are too ca ught up on the strangeness of the saying to truly consider the wisdom of its message. Jargon is the language of academia or other groups that use vocabulary that is specific to their particular area of expertise. The vast majority of the population are unfamiliar with this range of vocabulary. Some people may try to use it in an attempt to sound more intelligent to lay folk, though they will only manage to insult such an audience and possibly inspire hatred or loathing. Medicine is a good example of where TheShow MoreRelatedThe Inca And Inca Culture1176 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever heard of the Inca civilization? Well, the Inca community was a very accomplished empire ; everyone in the empire was unbelievable. 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Health Care Providers and Professionals â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Describe about U.S. health care: providers and professionals. Answer: In the video, U.S. Health Care: Providers and Professionals by Monika Wahi- The narrator can improve the video by using more animations. As per my personal experience, I would be more interested to see recent data. However, the narrator has used data from the year 2008 while explaining about the employed persons at health services sites, physicians, allied health professionals that must be replaced with recent information to maintain student interest. The slides in the video must have less verbosity with stating main points in minimal words. It is suggested to reduce the noise of the presentation by avoiding redundant elements to ensure the high interest of respondents. The slides in the presentation should have large texts and visuals as from my personal experience it helps in memorizing things more rapidly. For the video, it is suggested to highlight the area of current discussion by using call-outs, revealing bullet points one at a time, use of pointers while explaining graphs and use of colorful fonts while explaining the lengthy text.

Event Operations Management Substance Flow Analysis

Question: Apply business management theory to practical activities within the events industry;Explore the different issues an events organisation could face whilst using statistical methods and techniques to formulate solutions;Discuss the techniques for analysing events and events management;Examine the licences and other legal requirements for various types of events. Answer: Introduction Arena and Di Gregorio (2014) have described event as a public assembly that take place in a selected venue at the pre-determined time for some particular purposes like education, marketing, charity and some others. It can be easily stated that organizing an event requires proper planning as well as creativity and lots of innovative ideas. An event organizer must have a detailed knowledge about several aspects of conducting a program in both indoor and outdoor venues. It can be automatically stated that an event manager or the organizer needs to be a budget manager, mediator, organizer, facilitator as well as executor. As an events planner for ABC London Events Co., it was asked to organize an event in two venues, like indoor venues and outdoor venues. In this report, proper evidence as well as information would be provided on both these venues and after that, recommendation would be made on the proper venue (Bearzotti, Salomone and Chiotti 2012). However, it is required to mention th at it would a charitable event for wild life protection. Target of this charitable event would be raising awareness about protecting wild life, funding to save them. It is required to mention that at the time of promoting this event, Chelsea Football Club would donate 20,000. Suggested venues In order to carry on unique art event with the street artists, it is required to focus both on indoor event and outdoor venues. As the best indoor venue, Chelsea Old Town hall has been selected. On the other hand, Royal Parks of London has been identified as the best outdoor venue. In this part, it is required to make a thorough research work on these two venues on some specific perspectives and based on the thorough analysis a recommendation would be made on the preferred venue of conducting the unique art event. Figure 1: Two Suggested Venues for Unique Art Event (Source: rbkc.gov.uk 2016, www.royalparks.org.uk) Indoor venues Background of the indoor venue Chelsea Old Town Hall is situated approximately mid-way along the fashionable Kings Road in Chelsea. From the profile, it can be seen that the main hall previously known as Vestry Hall and Small hall, formerly known as Green room are housed in the oldest part of the building that date back to the late Victorian era. Rooms available in Chelsea Old Town Hall are the main hall and the small hall. Based on the nature of the event, in this part, the main hall of Chelsea Old Town Hall would be selected (Hall 2012). If focus is shed on this heritage building, it can be seen that the selection of this venue is justified enough, as this magnificent late Victorian building has been lovingly restored to its original glory. This building provides a beautiful, memorable and photogenic backdrop for several kinds of events. This building offers the event organizers a well-placed and endlessly adaptable space. Therefore, it can be stated that the selection of this heritage building is justified enou gh for conducting the unique art event with the street artists (rbkc.gov.uk 2016). Figure 2: Indoor place for the event in Chelsea Old Town Hall (Source: rbkc.gov.uk 2016) License and legal issues In order to conduct the unique art event with the street artists for a charitable purpose of donating aid for wild life protection, some permits and licenses are required. License is required to arrange, as many artists would be there and the door would be open for the common people. This indoor event would take place indoor and thus requires a permit that would cover all the activities that would take place there. At the time of conducting the event, there would be entertainment programs and thus permit is required to take before conduction of the program (Heck 2016). The entertainment program would take into account singing, music events and display of art works made by the street artists. Chelsea Old Town Hall is one of the most affordable and easily available indoor venues for the conducting such charitable event, where many people, especially the art lovers would come. However, in this unique art event by the street artists, more than 1200 people would attend and thus selection of this venue is justified enough (Jones 2012). Risk management There are definitely some certain risks that might take place at the time of conducting the unique art event with the street artists and the event manager must be well aware of these risks. Identified certain risks in this case are outbreak of fire, occurrence of accidents during displaying the art works, unexpected storm and rain, large number of unexpected art lovers, last minute arrangements as well as unplanned expenses (Jones 2014). The event manager must be well aware of these risks and make all the necessary arrangements to deal with these facts. In that case, availability of space can be one of the major issues if the expected numbers of art lovers exceed and thus, the volunteers must be prepared to handle huge number of people in Chelsea Old Town Hall (Keskitalo 2013). Figure 3: Ample place for displaying art works of the street artists (Source: rbkc.gov.uk 2016) Health and safety measures Any kind of health and safety requirements might take place at the time of conducting the event in Chelsea Old Town Hall and the event managers must be well prepared for this purpose. A heath expert would be hired for safety purpose if any first aid is required to provide to any of the guests. Apart from that, it can be stated that precautions would need to be taken at the time it comes to the entertainment session. Focus is required to shed on the part that no people behave improperly at the time of playing music. Apart from that, no guests would be expected to dance on the floor, as this is an art event and the purpose of this event is charitable. As per Lotem et al. (2013), public liability insurance would be required in case of any possible risks that might arise at Chelsea Old Town Hall during unique art event with the street artists. However, it is required to mention that as the indoor venue is a hall, there must be ample fire extinguishers if any fire outbreak takes place. Th ere would be hip of art works and maintenance of these art works is required properly. Emergency escape routes might be available in the hall and this might be informed to all the people attaining this unique art event with the street artists. The event manager must arrange three backup generators for the event if power off happen. First aid kits must be available along with the skilled paramedical team and an ambulance for the emergency purpose (Masterman 2014). Supply chain management The event is a charitable event and thus the entire arrangement would be made in such a way that the minimum cost can be availed. In this case, high quality with the best affordable price vendors would be contacted to ensure the success of this unique art event with the street artists. The event manager is required to design the event in such a way that the program is composed of the best transport coordinator, catering team, videographer team and photography team as well as the decoration team (Quinn 2013). It is regardless to mention that all these teams would require a high level of communication and coordination among them, so that the entire function runs smoothly. In case of arranging events like art events, a suitable planning is required to make including proper estimation of prices, proper organizational skills and creativity in designs (Preston 2012). Waste management Wastes must be arranged in such a way that it leaves no negative impact on the nature and the surrounding atmosphere. Having a proper waste management is one of the major corporate social responsibilities of any event organizers and they all must use the cups and the plates that are eco-friendly. At the time of decoration, there must not be the use of any plastics and the use of eco-friendly goods are welcomed at the time of conducting this charitable event. There must be ample dust bins in the floor, so that no guests throw out the used cups and dishes here and there in the floor, as this is unhygienic and visual pollution. it is required to mention that before starting the event, all the guests would be informed about keeping the venue clean and clear. Apart from that, the event manager must arrange proper arrangements on the collection of garbage after the ceremony and a team must be ready all the time to clean up the premises all the time (Masterman 2014). CSR sustainability Tum and Norton (2012) have stated that the event manager must be responsible to design the event in such a way that it contributes positive to the nature. The motto of the event is to donate the money earned from the displayed pictures towards the protection of the wild life. Therefore, the program must promote some ideal values to the society that all the people feel that conservation of wild life is highly essential. Prohibition of plastic is one of the best measures that any charitable event can promote and this unique art event is one of the significant examples in this case (rbkc.gov.uk, 2016). Outdoor Venue Background of the outdoor venue The lands of Royal Parks of London are owned by the monarchy of the United Kingdom. The royal families mostly used these places for hunting. The lands of Royal Parks are the part of the heredity possessions of The Crown. Later, with the increasing urbanization of London, most of these parks were preserved as freely accessible open place. The Crown Lands Act was introduced in the year of 1851 that formed eight parks covering almost 2,000 hectares of land in Greater London (royalparks.org.uk 2016). Those eight parks are Bushy Park (445 hectares), Green Park (19 hectares), Greenwich Park (74 hectares), Hyde Park (142 hectares), Kensington Gardens (111 hectares), Regents Park (166 hectares), St. Jamess Park (23 hectares) and Richmond Park (955 hectares) (royalparks.org.uk 2016). Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, which are adjacent including Regents Park and St Jamess Park are the biggest green places in Central London. All these parks are managed by The Royal Parks which is an agency of the Department of Culture, Media and Spots. Government of UK funds all these parks. Figure 4: Half Marathon event at Royal Parks (Source: rbkc.gov.uk 2016) License and legal issues The authority of Royal Parks provides different guidelines for small events and big events. Unique Art Event by Street Artist event is a small event. The guideline to get a legal license in order to organize the event in one of the parks is mentioned below, Licensing act 2003: All eight parks are licensed for synchronized entertainment under the Licensing Act 2003.Therefore; it is not required to apply for licenses separately. The local council will provide a copy of conditions that apply to the park. Fees: A rate card for holding events in Royal Parks is available in their website www.royalparks.org.uk/business/holding-events. Fees will be charged based on the number of people who will be attending the event (for some events) and disruption charge (all events) per day. Besides, it is also required to pay for any services that the park authority will provide. Event manager will also have to pay a reinstatement bond that will be returned after the event is successfully completed. This event is a charitable event and the charges for this event absed on the amount of people attending is mentioned below, Number of Visitors Fee 100 visitors 270 101 to 200 Visitors 540 201 to 300 Visitors 810 301 to 400 Visitors 1,080 401 to 500 visitors 1,350 Table 1: Event fee structure of Royal Parks (Source: royalparks.org.uk 2016) Application to hold a small event in Royal Park An application letter should be directed to the park authority, which will describe the activity you are willing to carry out. Contact details are shared in the appendix. Contents that must be included in the letter are, Type of the Event: A description about the event that will be held including its full name. Time and Date: Date and time on which the event will take place must be mentioned. It is also important to provide an alternative date in case the initial date is already occupied by other events. Name of the park: It is already mentioned that there are eight parks under The Royal Parks. Therefore, one should give the name of the park where the event will be organized. Number of participants: If applicable, then it is also important to give details of the numbers of people who are estimated to attend the event. Name of your institute: In the application letter, you will have to mention the name of your organization under which the event will be held. Previous events: If you have organized any event in the same venue, then you will have to give details about it. Entry fee: If your event has entry fees then you will have to state how you are willing to collect money (royalparks.org.uk 2016). Collecting money inside the Royal Parks premises is not allowed. Notice period: For small events, it is important to put your application on or before at least 6 weeks. If your time is short then The Royal Parks authority cannot guarantee an immediate response. If you are planning to organize your event between May and September, then you should submit your application as early as possible. Risk management Risk Description Risk Type Risk Priority Risk control measures Process of monitoring Children at event Parents lose child Medium Staffs and volunteers must be briefed to handle this situation. A separate counter should be there for parents to ask for help. Volunteers should be asked to keep an on the people present at the event Volunteers must carry mobile phones or any other communication tool Event organizers to wear special t-shirts so for easy identification Malfunction or Absence of Fashion Requisite Operational Risk Medium Alternative options should be there to cover the mishap Check all he delivered equipments repeatedly. Follow a notebook to ensure all the required items are delivered. Employee Absenteeism Operational Risk Low Low Ask other employees or staff to share the task of the absent employee. Emergence of Security-related risky situations Operational Risk Low Medium There have to be stringent rules and measures in respect to the security. More than expected visitors Management Risk High Medium It is significant to leave a few places accessible just in case if there are more visitors. Do not use all the park for the event. Table 2: Risk management plan (Source: Author) Health and safety measures The beverages as well as food provided in art event must be checked considering the health and safety of the public. The food of the event must be prepared in such a manner that it will avoid any kind of unfortunate accident regarding the food consumption. It will be strictly prohibited to consume alcohol concerning the people of age under 18. In order to ensure the safety and security of this large number of people the event will extensively focus on hiring the security guard (Keskitalo 2013). This particular art event will be ready for preventing any kind of robbery as well as terror attacks. Moreover, the event will keep in mind to remove the toxic and flammable substances from the general reach of public. In this context, proper approval and support from the legislative department will be acquired so that event can be managed without any kind of hindrances. The event will also be ready for unwanted weather risks. Supply chain management It is essential to carry out a proper planning including funding and budgeting for the art event as it is organized in support of wild life protection. Proper supply chain management will be used to communicate and connect with the suppliers who can provide quality goods for the art event and services at a low price (Rojek 2014). Proper negotiation and lots of research is required before selecting a vendor. Waste management Waste management will be an essential part of this event in order to protect the environment. Plastics, food wastes and other wastes must be disposed in the proper places. Staff members should be aware that all the wastes are disposed properly. After the event is over, the organization responsible for the event will clean up the park (Novikova and Kotenko 2013). If the organizing company while performing waste management shows any irresponsibility, then the Royal Parks management will have to pay penalties. CSR sustainability The major purpose of the art event is to influence the societal perception in a significant fashion. Specifically, the outdoor street art event will be highly successful to create a positive image in the context of society as well as culture. The vital reason of this phenomenal impact is that the art event effectively attract the people based on various cultural practices. The art event can also introduce new talent in the views of people (Jones 2012). This facility increases the attraction of art among the public. Moreover, art event must be based on sustainable approach of event management. In the current aspect, it is assumed that the current art event will be proved sustainable, as it will be strictly planned within the budget. Recommendation After analyzing both indoor and outdoor venues, it is recommended that the organization must conduct the art event at Royal Parks. As this event is being conducted for fund raising, highest possible amount of publicity is required. Advertising is everything for such event. If the event is organized at Chelsea Old Town Hall, then the company will have to execute a massive advertising to reach to the people. On the other hand, if the event is organized in Royal Parks, then it is gain publicity and a larger number of visitors automatically. Besides, the wider area of the parks under Royal Park will allow the event organizing company to invite more and artists in the event. This will attract a larger number of crowds, which will ensure the success of the event. Conclusion In the end, it can be said an art event that will exhibit the capabilities of street artists will surely gain a lot of success. In recent times, the people massively appreciate street art where an artist can draw a portrait of a person within 30 minutes or less. However, the success of such event depends on the depth of the crowd. That is why Royal Parks is selected for this event. These parks are highly popular and stay crowded all day. Therefore, the chances are high that people will gather to experience this event which will make this event a successful one. References Arena, U. and Di Gregorio, F 2014, a waste management planning based on substance flow analysis, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 85, 54-66. Bearzotti, L.A., Salomone, E. and Chiotti, O.J., 2012. An autonomous multi-agent approach to supply chain event management.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), pp.468-478. Getz, D 2012, Event studies: discourses and future directions, Event Management, 16(2), 171-187. Getz, D 2013, Event studies, Routledge, Boston. Hall, C.M., 2012. Sustainable mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to mega-event sustainability.Event Management,16(2), pp.119-131. Heck, C, 2016, System and Method for Managing Events, U.S. Patent 20,160,055,559. Jones, C., 2012. Events and festivals: fit for the future?.Event Management,16(2), pp.107-118. Jones, M 2014, Sustainable Event Management: A practical guide, Routledge, Boston. Keskitalo, E 2013, Climate Change and Flood Risk Management: Adaptation and Extreme Events at the Local Level, Edward Elgar Publishing, Atlanta. Lee, D.H., Lee, H. and Kim, S 2015, Outsourcing Decision-Making Using Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Case Study of a Water Park. International Information Institute (Tokyo), Information, 18(11), 4677. Lotem, A., Cohen, G. and Naon, L.B., Skybox Secutiry Inc., 2013.Method for simulation aided security event management. U.S. Patent 8,407,798. Masterman, G., 2014.Strategic sports event management. Routledge. Novikova, E. and Kotenko, I., 2013, February. Analytical visualization techniques for security information and event management. In2013 21st Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed, and Network-Based Processing(pp. 519-525). IEEE. Preston, C., 2012.Event marketing: how to successfully promote events, festivals, conventions, and expositions. Wiley. Quinn, B., 2013.Key concepts in event management. London: Sage. rbkc.gov.uk, 2016.Chelsea Old Town Hall | Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. [online] Rbkc.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/royal-borough-venues/chelsea-old-town-hall/chelsea-old-town-hall [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. rbkc.gov.uk, 2016.Corporate responsibility. 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Pollution Essays (586 words) - Packaging Materials, Plastics

Pollution very efficiently transmitted through the generally stiff, metallic and therefore resonant structures. One common way of overcoming the considerable nuisance this can cause for the occupants is by absorbing the vibration and actually converting it to heat using viscoelastic polymer materials, typically based on polyurethanes or acrylics. Over the past 20 years, Swedish Acoustic Products -- Swedac -- has built a track record in overcoming noise and vibration problems using this basic technology. Goran Falk, the company's technical director, claims it is possible to reduce noise levels by 50-70% with the right choice of materials and their effective application. Although we have a range of standard products, the skill comes in knowing how best to use them. One also has to keep an open mind about modifying existing products or designing completely new solutions when the conditions require it, he says. Falk believes that sound and vibration suppression should be an integral element of the design of the structure as a whole and not an 'add-on'. For this reason, Swedac offers sound-damping engineering consultancy to ship and offshore platform designers and builders. The company has supplied over 200,000 m2 of sound-damping deck coverings over the past 15 years. These generally consist of a trowel-applied liquid polymer, which, when dry, is overlaid with an SBR latex concrete. If speed of application is an issue, the liquid-applied polymer can be replaced with an adhesively-bonded polymer sheet. Where the requirements are more stringent, for example, in laboratory areas, the company can offer a 'floating floor'. This comprises proprietary sound-damping PVP (plate/viscoelastic polymer/plate) laminate plates laid on top of 50mm of mineral wool (140-150 Kg/m3). The sound-damping plates, which were conceived by Swedac, consist of two layers of steel or aluminium, each 2 or 3 mm thick, separated by a thin layer of viscoelastic polymer. While the performance of this type of system is impressive, even better sound and vibration suppression can be achieved, particularly at the lower frequencies commonly produced by engines, propellers, mud pumps and so on, by combining the floating floor with the company's standard viscoelastic polymer plus SBR latex concrete system (Figure 1). The measured insertion loss, ILv, expressed in dB for this system over a range of frequencies is shown in Figure 2. Emtunga modules Swedac has developed similar but thinner (2 mm total) and lighter PVP laminate plates for attaching to bulkheads to reduce noise transmission between cabins. Emtunga has used these extensively in the construction of accommodation modules. In another variation on this theme, Swedac has supplied single steel sheets to Kvaerner with a layer of viscoelastic polymer that can be easily bonded to an existing steel surface. Kvaerner regularly uses this product on the plinths supporting water injection pumps on offshore platforms. Recognizing that noise and vibration problems may only manifest themselves when structures have been completed and that older vessels may need to be upgraded, Swedac has also developed a cassette damping system for retro-fitting to bulkheads, vessel sides and beneath floors -- essentially anywhere in the noise path -- within ships and offshore platforms. These are simply a narrow steel trough containing viscoelastic polymer into which has been set a series of steel lugs to allow welding to the structure. Swedac supplied its products and services widely in the offshore sector during the 1990s but suffered, like most suppliers, from the downturn towards the end of the decade. It switched its attention to the cruise ship market where it has Political Issues

Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China The WritePass Journal

Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China Chapter I Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China ABSTRACTChapter IIntroductionCHAPTER IILiterature review2.1 China`s background in copyright law2.2   Globalization and software piracy2.3   Culture and software piracy2.4 The Chinese government, Communist ideology in software piracyCHAPTER IIIMethodologyCHAPTER IVFinding and Discussion4.1 Finding 4.1.1 Software products: cost, usability and accessibility Thirdly, they cited that the copyright software`s are not valuable comparing to their price, for instance, by installing WINDOWS XP, it requires anti-virus as well to protect is and this will cost an extra money and pirated software`s functions are same as original one`s. Thus, it is not valuable. It can assume that there is another side to disagree with their thought in terms of cost, if comparing the price of software product with other spending. Since they can tolerate with others spending, there is no reason to reject software prices.4.2 Discussion CHAPTER VI5 CONCLUSIONReferences:Related ABSTRACT This study aim to demonstrate Chinese students’ attitude towards software copyright and piracy in China. This paper has selected a small group of Chinese student to evaluate their presumption and data were collected by using interview among this group. There are some factors which has a significant impact on piracy. Therefore, for finding out the validity and add extra elements in finding and discussion chapter will present new items which has a role in software piracy. Thus, this research has some limitation such as the number of sample and the matter of time. Hence, the result of this research cannot be valid. Chapter I Introduction In the past few years, there has been a doubt among the Chinese software users regarding the use of pirated software from the legal point of view. In addition to software users, anyone who is involved in the software copyright and piracy issues, is confronted with this question that if the pirate act is illegal or not (Croix Konan, 2002). Answering this question requires to consider the perception of each individual Chinese software users regarding the software copyright and piracy. Whereby, awareness of Chinese users in decision-making has a direct impact on their piracy behaviour in terms of using pirated software (Liang Yan, 2005). To explore how Chinese software users recognize the matter of software copyright and piracy it is crucial to understand the function of copyright and piracy protection law, In fact, copyright and piracy protection law are the subset of the intellectual property law (IP) which has been considerably enhanced in the recent years.   According to a definition provided by World Intellectual Property (WIPO, 2006) â€Å"intellectual property can be anything which creates by human mind such as, inventions, literary and artistic works†. On the other side, software piracy is opposite of the copyright law in which has increased along with the extension in popularity of internet in 1999 (Katz, 2005). Currently, China is under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreement, which compels China to have transparency on intellectual property protection in terms of laws, regulations, administrative rules and judicial decisions (Panitchpakdi Clifford, 2002). Hence, this study places emphasis on Chinese student various perceptions regarding the software copyright and piracy. The next chapter will review the existing literature review and evaluate different point of views. Furthermore, it will emphasize on methodology chapter to illustrate the method of collecting data. Moreover, in finding and discussion chapter will demonstrate and analyse the information towards answering research question and finally will present conclusion. CHAPTER II Literature review 2.1 China`s background in copyright law From the historical point of view, for the first time, copy right law came into existence in ancient China and the creation of copyright in China was initiated by the innovation of printing by Bi Sheng in AD 1042. Moreover, compared to European countries the technique of printing had developed centuries earlier in China (Mertha, 2005). According to Martha (2005), in 1910, the first draft of author`s right was published and a number of punishments for unapproved use were established. WIPO (2006) state thatAfter the Cultural Revolution,in 1979 China entered into a new stage of modern legal system which contained the copyright structure and was an important step to connect to the outside world. Subsequently, as WIPO (2006) assert that â€Å"China has joined the world intellectual property organization in 1980†. Bently Sherman (2001) explained that copyright was originally intended primarily for the protection of authors, artists and composers to provide a legal foundation for the innumerable transactions by which they are paid for their work. Croix Konan (2002) explained that the first aim of copyright law is to provide the security for author`s right from abusing in illegal way.   World intellectual property organization (WIPO, 2006) defines â€Å"copyright† as legal point of view in order to maintaining creator’s right and securing his/her â€Å"work†. In addition, the term â€Å"work† is used by intellectual property law in various aspects such as; novels, poems, plays, databases and computer programs. Generally, copyright laws are executed diversely in different countries around the world (Marron Steel, 2000). For instance, The European Countries and North America have tough copyright laws and enforce them determinedly. Meanwhile, there are some countries which have determined copyright laws but their courts are unwilling to enforce them. Furthermore, there are developing countries in which their principles are based on Islamic patterns and do not have adequate laws in terms of copy right ( Marron Steel, 2000). From worldwide viewpoint, entering China to the global network has generated a massive capability in order to share and observe information through new approaches, especially byInternet (Croix Konan, 2002). However, in recent years, the international business society has mentioned that there has been a doubt regarding China`s malfunction towards limiting international property infringement (Mertha, 2005). 2.2   Globalization and software piracy Bently and Sherman (2001) assert that, the original concept of copyright is surrounded by boundaries’ inside of the state, Thus, the security of copyright protection will be in danger if it operates beyond the country and goes through the national world. Therefore, the fence would be break down by the development of globalization and establish copyright as boundless subject in international trade. Consequently, developed countries realize that it is crucial to make some alteration in enforcement of copyright protection across the national borders. Therefore, due to unexpected economic growth in China, it has become the main target of whole global copyright enforcement, such as US and the European Union (Halbert, 1997). IIPA (2006) declared that the progression of globalization transforms software copyright and piracy from internal issue to universal matter among countries. Furthermore, due to the fact that China has been faced with a huge amount of piracy, it has been constantly criticized by other countries regarding the lack of enforcement and ability to protect software copyright. 2.3   Culture and software piracy Mum (2003) argued that cultural differences is one of the most significant aspects that should be considered in China`s software copyright and piracy and has a main role on development copyright in China. From western perspective, individual’s freedom and benefits often put emphasis on public shared benefits. In contrast, as a traditional Chinese point of view, individuals are part of society and are obliged to present their creation and innovation to the community (Mum, 2003).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering the two mentioned viewpoints, it can state that the eastern minds are totally different from western minds, regarding that in western society intellectual theft is not appreciated, meanwhile, it is a new concept to many Chinese. In addition, Yu (2001) pointed out that in traditional Chinese culture copying regarded as honourable and necessary fact. Husted (2000) stated that the rate of piracy in China has a great connection with cultural dichotomy of individualism and collectivism.   In addition, Marron and Steel`s (2000) found out that countries in which their principles is based on individualistic culture have a lower piracy rates comparing to the countries which have collectivistic culture. According to Wang, Zhang, and Ouyang (2005a) the correlation between pirated software purchasing and cultural subject in China is more expected to be engaged in the theft of software programs or sharing intellectual property. In fact, collectivist culture can be one of the great factors that might be the cause of the prevalence of software piracy in China. 2.4 The Chinese government, Communist ideology in software piracy Croix Konan (2002) argued that China`s government has been considerably attempting to change the legislation and policy making process in terms of prevent pirating.   For instance, China government closed 9 factories from 18 which were producing pirated software’s and presenting illegal Cd`s in domestic market. However, despite the considerable reforms by China government regarding the implement of copyright enforcement, there are some domestic factors which make the matter worse (Mertha, 2005). Lu and Weber (2008) explored that China government should consider about the economical and political environments of public and private dimensions of software copyright to cover external and internal challenges. In addition, Communism philosophy in which its main principal is based on everything belongs to society and people, rather than private owners has been existed in China since 1949. Consequently, Communist thought of copyright are fundamentally well-matched with traditional Chinese culture, because they support each other to shape Chinese people`s attitude in the direction of decreasing copyright protection. Overall, the literature review includes variety of research areas and identifies a group of structural factors relating to software copyright and piracy in China. Meanwhile, the literature review has some limitation, for example, it uncovers the behaviour element which is crucial in act of piracy, but it will be covered in finding and discussion chapter by interviewing from Chinese student. CHAPTER III Methodology Generally speaking, the nature of human beings has been always concerned about what is happening surround them. In order to understand their surroundings they began to search regarding their requirements which at least named research. According to Cohen et al (2007) research is a process of planning, executing and investing in terms to find answer to our specific questions. In addition, getting reliable answers needs an investigation in a systematic manner and will be easier for reader to understand. Achieving these ends requires research methods. In this study, the research philosophy is examined by interpretivism. Bryman Bell (2003) defined it as an epistemological position that enquires the social scientist to grasp the subjective meaning of social action. Furthermore, the inductive approach has undertaken to this study in terms of understand the nature of problem, by which, it enables researcher to take more information about the research. (Bryman Bell, 2003). Evaluating about philosophy and approach, now it should consider that the research method is done by mono method meaning that is qualitative and by the nature of it, has a great advantages for this research. It was chosen because the research approach was based on inductive methods and it requires an exploration of detailed in depth about data. Denzin Lincoln (2000) believed that using this method able researcher to explain, translate and otherwise come to the terms with the meaning. This study will carry out both primary and secondary research. The primary research will be examined by doing an interview based on semi-structured type from a group of Chinese student which will be within an age group of 22-28. The semi-structured interview was designed by some relevant questions in order to answer the research question, further information will be on (appendix 1). An interview has chosen as a method for primary research for the reason that it is one of the methods by which the human world may be explored, although it is the world of beliefs and meanings, not of actions that is clarified by interview research. Bryman Bell (2003) pointed out that interviewing provide a wide range of data collection. Thus, it helps researcher to find out how people regard situations from their point of view. In this research, because the emphasize is basically based on the area of   intellectual property law and as far as everyone are concerned, this field is extremely complicated and cannot be expressed in closed questions. Hence, semi-structured interviews have chosen because it has a great benefit for conducting this research. Moreover, it is based on an open-ended question. In addition, Bryman Bell (2003) argued that this approach can be used to gain different comments and offers the interviewer the chance to investigate an issue or service. In addition, it gives the interviewee an opportunity to share general views or their opinions in details. Apart from the benefits of this method, it has some disadvantages such as: it requires interviewing skill and need to have the skill to analyse the data. Furthermore, it should be done on sufficient group of people in order to make general comparison. Moreover, it is really time consuming and researcher should be able to ensure confidentia lly ( Saunders et al, 2003). It is crucial to mentioned that ethical concerns will emerge as the research planning starts. As Blumberg et al cited in Saunders et al (2007) argued that â€Å"ethics refers to the moral principles, norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about our relationship with other†. Furthermore, in order to ensure confidentiality, this research will only consider about the age of the Chinese students and will not emphasise on their name or their institute (see appendix 2). To answer the research question, Chinese student attitude is examined in order to explore how they perceive the issue of software copyright and piracy and with the aim of give the sense of security to interviewee at the first of interview it will mention that the process will be recorded to ensure the crucial information is not omitted from the note taking. Overall, in this study by using qualitative approach with semi-structured interview will prepare a suitable occasion in terms of collecting a great deal of information from Chinese student regarding their point of view about software copyright and piracy in their country. Furthermore, it is expected that 10 interviews will be conducted and the sample will just measured by their age and the interview will be carried out in person by the researcher on site at the University Of Sheffield. Moreover, information from interviews will be classified into coding and categories, which can be derived from research question and the literature. CHAPTER IV Finding and Discussion 4.1 Finding This chapter aims to answer the research question which was about Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy. To answer this question, this research is carried out by choosing a smaller society of Chinese users, namely Chinese students, in which their perception in terms of software copyrights and piracy in China will be examined. As it mentioned in methodology, in order to analyze the data, this research will categorize and coding the data which has conducted from Chinese student attitude, then it will examine the findings and discussion and finally will demonstrate the conclusion. The findings will categorized and coded by what interviewees mentioned regarding software copyright and piracy, for example, some of people express that the price of the copyright software`s are too expensive. Meanwhile, others pointed out that the general income of people in China cannot afford copyright products and on quarter of participants said that copyright products actual value does not deserve that high price. Therefore, this category named as cost with three subcategorized; price, income, value and coded as a software products. Secondly, half of the interviewee mentioned that pirated software`s are accessible and it can used them without any limitation, whereby, original software`s has the restriction of usage. Moreover, this opinion categorized by usability and accessibility of software products. Thirdly, from findings it can find out 9 of 10 participants disagreed with the culture as an element which has an impact on a software copyright and piracy. By contrast, in literature review in culture and software piracy some author`s were explained that culture has a considerable relation with software copyright and piracy. Furthermore, some interviewees expressed that some issues, for example, education or gaining knowledge should not consider as piracy, additionally,   using software`s for a personal need without any intention of using   in illegal way is not piracy. Finally, the item that generally accepted by applicant was China`s government, which they state that the main power who can enforce the copyright law and prevent piracy is government. Thus the first section was categorized by social development and cultural affect and the later section was grouped as Chinese government, which these two parts coded as a china development. To clarify the structure the complete codi ng frame is established in (Appendix 3). 4.1.1 Software products: cost, usability and accessibility Cost, usability and accessibility play critical roles in decision-making whether to use pirated software or not among Chinese student attitudes. Among all of discussions cost is consistently mentioned as a reason to choose pirated software. Therefore, three subject matter illustrates from which will evaluate by participants viewpoints. Generally speaking, first of all, was the cost to buy copyright software. As they state that buying original WINDOWS XP in China is really expensive. Secondly, because of high prices for software products most of the people especially students and low-income earners are not able to afford the price. Thirdly, they cited that the copyright software`s are not valuable comparing to their price, for instance, by installing WINDOWS XP, it requires anti-virus as well to protect is and this will cost an extra money and pirated software`s functions are same as original one`s. Thus, it is not valuable. It can assume that there is another side to disagree with their thought in terms of cost, if comparing the price of software product with other spending. Since they can tolerate with others spending, there is no reason to reject software prices. 4.1.2 China development:   Social development and Chinese government As it mentioned in literature review chapter there were two factors which also found by evaluating  Ã‚   Chinese student presumption toward software   copyright and piracy which is constantly, government policy and culture. Furthermore, participant conflicting views about those items and stating short words or sentences; it cannot provide valuable information about significant issues such as government policy and cultural affect. Therefore, in order to generalize their viewpoint it can state that, after Cultural Revolution in China and joining to the World intellectual property organization there has been a significant changes in terms of education, technology and the level of science through out of China (WIPO, 2006). Generally speaking, interviewees pointed out that the China government has the main power in order to prevent software piracy and change the policy towards enforcement of copyright law. Moreover, it can maintain that in spite of the power to enforce, why Chinese government does not really want to stop piracy. Furthermore, participants discussed that because of the matter of population and as China is among developing countries, government and authorities really feels the lack of knowledge and because they want to increase their literacy and awareness, they are not as strict as developed countries. 4.2 Discussion With the establishment of coding frame, this study will applies axial coding to make a connection between categories and sub categories. First, the participant’s perception develops from the issue which coded as software products with three subcategories.   In the category of software product user`s resistance focused on copyright software`s high cost and poor usability and accessibility. In contrast, user`s are likely to use pirated software which low cost and good usability and accessibility. On the other hand, the interviewee which protects software copyright law, refuse to accept cost and excuses for piracy use. Second, in the category of China development which was generally analysed, it can mention that   government policy in China is trying to educated and boosts the knowledge within the people, but this cannot be the reason to use piracy software’s or make author`s work invaluable. In other world, participants believe that Chinese government does not really want to limit piracy. Form their discussion it can find out government has a great interest in piracy regarding market economy. This study has found that in general Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy mainly suffers from the phenomena which so-called Cost and the accessibility of pirated software’s. Furthermore, this paper has some limitation which will decrease the validity of this research, such as; the number of sample was not that much great to evaluate and examine the other perceptions, another item was the limitation of time, which was considerable for this research. Furthermore, it is suggested that copyright owners should lower down their retail prices of their products to the lower degree, by which, Chinese user`s be able to afford it. CHAPTER VI 5 CONCLUSION This study set out to examine how Chinese student are aware of software copyright and piracy in China. A small sample of Chinese student was selected to illustrate extra elements a part form literature review, which has significant role on using pirated software’s. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by Bryman Bell (2003). Overall in can conclude that, the fact that China started to play a more and more important role in today’s world and its development cannot be easily stopped or reversed. Therefore, like developed countries, China should redesign and change the software copyright law in order to minimize the amount of piracy in world. References: Bently, L, Sherman, B. (2001). Intellectual property law. New York: Oxford University Press. Blaxter,L, Hughes, C, Tight, M. (2001). How to research. (2 edn). Buckingham: Open University Press. Bryman,A, Bell, E. (2003). Business Research Methods. New York: Oxford UniversityPress. Business Software Alliance. (2004). BSA and IDC global software piracy study. Retrieved January 28, 2005, from bsa.org/China/globalstudy Cohen, L, Manion, L, Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methodes In Education. ( 6 edn). London: Routledge. Croix, S. J., Konan, D. E. (2002). Intellectual property rights in China: The changing political economy of Chinese-American interests. The World Economy, 25, 759-788. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gubrium, J. F., Holstein, J. A. (1997). The new language of qualitative method. New York: Oxford University Press. Halbert, D. (1997). Intellectual property piracy: The narrative construction of deviance. International Journal for Semiotics of Law, X (28), 55-78. International Intellectual Property Alliance. (2006). The 2006 special 301 report: People’s Republic of China. Retrieved August 28, 2006, from IIPA Web site: iipa.com/rbc/2006/2006SPEC301PRC.pdf Katz, A. (2005). A network effects perspective: On software piracy. University of Toronto Law Journal, 55, 155-160. Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Lu, J., Weber, I. (2008). 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Third edition. Pearson education limited. Wang, F., Zhang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005a). Software piracy and ethical decision making behaviour of Chinese consumers. Journal of Comparative International Management, 8(2), 43-56.   Wang, F., Zhang, H., Zang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005b). Purchasing pirated software: An initial examination of Chinese consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(6),340-51 World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Copyright and related rights. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from World Intellectual Property Organization Web site: wipo.int/about-ip/en/copyright.html Yu, P.K. (2001). Piracy, prejudice, and perspectives: An attempt to use Shakespeare to reconfigure the U. S.-China intellectual property debate. Working Paper Series, 38, Jacob Burns Institute for Advanced Legal Studies. Retrieved,October13,2006fromhttp://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=262530